`cloudpathlib` Contribution Guidelines¶

Thanks for offering to help on cloudpathlib! We welcome contributions. This document will help you get started finding issues, developing fixes, and submitting PRs.

First, a few guidelines:

Follow the code of conduct.
PRs from outside contributors will not be accepted without an issue. We respect your time and want to make sure any work you do will be reviewed, so please wait for a maintainer to sign off on the issue before getting started.
If you are looking just to make a contribution, look at issues with label "good first issue".

How to contribute¶

As noted above, please file an issue if you are not fixing an existing issue.
Fork the repo, clone it locally, and create a local environment.
Make changes in your local version of the repository.
Make sure that the tests pass locally.
Update the package documentation, if applicable.
Go through the items in the final PR checklist.
Submit a PR

For some guidance on working with the code, see the sections on code standards and code architecture.

Local development¶

Create a Python environment to work in. If you're working on Windows, a bash shell will make your life easier. We recommend git bash, cygwin, or WSL so that you can use the make commands, but it is totally optional.

You can see all the available developer commands by running make:

❯ make
clean                remove all build, test, coverage and Python artifacts
clean-build          remove build artifacts
clean-pyc            remove Python file artifacts
clean-test           remove test and coverage artifacts
dist                 builds source and wheel package
docs-setup           setup docs pages based on README.md and HISTORY.md
docs                 build the static version of the docs
docs-serve           serve documentation to livereload while you work
format               run black to format codebase
install              install the package to the active Python's site-packages
lint                 check style with black, flake8, and mypy
release              package and upload a release
reqs                 install development requirements
test                 run tests with mocked cloud SDKs
test-debug           rerun tests that failed in last run and stop with pdb at failures
test-live-cloud      run tests on live cloud backends
perf                 run performance measurement suite for s3 and save results to perf-results.csv

Once you have your Python environment, you can install all the dev dependencies with:

make reqs

This will also install an editable version of cloudpathlib with all the extras into your environment.

Tests¶

Commands¶

There is a robust test suite that covers most of the core functionality of the library. There are a few different testing commands that are useful to developers.

The most common way when developing is to run the full test suite with mocked, local backends (no network calls):

make test

If you have a test fail or want to be able to interactively debug if a test fails, you can use a different command. This will run pytest with pdb, and last-fail so it will drop you into a debugger if a test fails and only run the tests that failed last time:

make test-debug

Finally, you may want to run your tests against live servers to ensure that the behavior against a provider's server is not different from the mocked provider. You will need credentials configured for each of the providers you run against. You can run the live tests with:

make test-live-cloud

Azure live backend tests¶

For Azure, you can test both against Azure Blob Storage backends and Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2 backends. To run these tests, you need to set connection strings for both of the backends by setting the following environment variables (in your .env file for local development). If AZURE_STORAGE_GEN2_CONNECTION_STRING is not set, only the blob storage backend will be tested. To set up a storage account with ADLS Gen2, go through the normal creation flow for a storage account in the Azure portal and select "Enable Hierarchical Namespace" in the "Advanced" tab of the settings when configuring the account.

AZURE_STORAGE_CONNECTION_STRING=your_connection_string
AZURE_STORAGE_GEN2_CONNECTION_STRING=your_connection_string

You can copy .env.example to .env and fill in the credentials and bucket/container names for the providers you want to test against. Note that the live tests will create and delete files on the cloud provider.

You can also skip providers you do not have accounts for by commenting them out in the rig and s3_like_rig variables defined at the end of tests/conftest.py.

Test rigs¶

Since we want behavior parity across providers, nearly all of the tests are written in a provider-agnositc way. Each test is passed a test rig as a fixture, and the rig provides the correct way for generating cloudpaths for testing. The test rigs are defined in conftest.py.

Almost none of the tests instantiate CloudPath or a *Client class directly.

When a test suite runs against the rig, the rig does the following steps on setup: - Creates a folder on the provider with a unique ID just for this test run. - Copies the contents of tests/assets/ into that folder. - Sets the rigs client_class using set_as_default_client so that any CloudPath with the right prefix created in the test will use the rig's client.

When the tests finish, if it is using a live server, the test files will be deleted from the provider.

If you want to speed up your testing during development, you may comment out some of the rigs in conftest.py. Don't commit this change, and make sure you run against all the rigs before submitting a PR.

Authoring tests¶

We want our test suite coverage to be comprehensive, so PRs need to add tests if they add new functionality. If you are adding a new feature, you will need to add tests for it. If you are changing an existing feature, you will need to update the tests to match the new behavior.

The tests are written in pytest. You can read the pytest documentation for more information on how to write tests with pytest.

Your best guide will be reading the existing test suite, and making sure you're using the rig when possible.

For example, if you want a CloudPath referring to a file that actually exists, you may want to do something like this:

# note that dir_0/file0_0.txt is in tests/assets, so you can expect to exist on the provider
cp = rig.create_cloud_path("dir_0/file0_0.txt")

# if you don't need the file to actually exist, you can use the same method
cp2 = rig.create_cloud_path("path/that/does/not/exist.txt")

If you are testing functionality on the *Client class, you can get an instance of the class for the rig with:

new_client = rig.client_class()

Documentation¶

We also aim to have robust and comprehensive documentation. For public API functions, we provide docstrings that explain how things work to end users, and these are automatically built into the documentation. For more complex topics, we write specific documentation.

We use mkdocs to generate the documentation.

Building¶

To build the latest version of the documentation, you can run:

make docs

If you add/remove a method on the CloudPath class or any subclass, run python docs/make_support_table.py and paste the updated table into README.md.

Serving¶

While you are developing, you can serve a local version of the docs to see what your changes look like. This will auto-reload for most changes to the docs:

make docs-serve

Note that the main page (index.md), the changelog (HISTORY.md), and the contributing page (CONTRIBUTING.md) are all generated from the files in the project root. If you want to make changes to the documentation, you should make them in the root of the project and then run make docs-setup to update the other files. The dev server does not automatically pick up these changes. You will need to stop the server and restart it to see the changes.

Authoring¶

Documentation pages can either be authored in normal Markdown or in a runnable jupyter notebook. Notebooks are useful for showing examples of how to use the library. You can see an example of a notebook in docs/docs/why_cloudpathlib.ipynb.

Note: generating the documentation does not execute any notebooks, it just converts them. You need to restart and run all notebook cells to make sure the notebook executes top-to-bottom and has the latest results before committing it.

Docstrings¶

For public APIs, please add a docstring that will appear in the documentation automatically. Since public APIs are type-hinted, there is no need to list the function parameters, their types, and the return types in a specific format in the docstring. Instead, you should describe what the function does and any relevant information for the user.

Submitting a PR¶

Once you have everything working as expected locally, submit a PR. The PR will be automatically tested by GitHub Actions. If the tests fail, you will need to fix the issue and push a new commit to the PR. If the tests pass (except the live tests, as noted below), you will need to get a maintainer to review the PR and merge it.

PR checklist¶

Here's a checklist from the PR template to make sure that you did all the required steps:

 - [ ] I have read and understood `CONTRIBUTING.md`
 - [ ] Confirmed an issue exists for the PR, and the text `Closes #issue` appears in the PR summary (e.g., `Closes #123`).
 - [ ] Confirmed PR is rebased onto the latest base
 - [ ] Confirmed failure before change and success after change
 - [ ] Any generic new functionality is replicated across cloud providers if necessary
 - [ ] Tested manually against live server backend for at least one provider
 - [ ] Added tests for any new functionality
 - [ ] Linting passes locally
 - [ ] Tests pass locally
 - [ ] Updated `HISTORY.md` with the issue that is addressed and the PR you are submitting. If the top section is not `## UNRELEASED``, then you need to add a new section to the top of the document for your change.

PR CI/CD test run¶

If you are not a maintainer, a maintainer will have to approve your PR to run the test suite in GitHub Actions. No need to ping a maintainer, it will be seen as part of our regular review.

Even once the tests run, two jobs will fail. This is expected. The failures are: (1) The live tests, and (2) the install tests. Both of these require access to the live backends, which are not available to outside contributors. If everything else passes, you can ignore these failiures. A mainter will take the following steps:

Create a branch off the main repo for your PR's changes
Merge your PR into that new branch
Run CI/CD on the repo-local branch which has access to the live backends
Confirm the live tests pass as expected. (If not, you will need to fix the issue and create another PR into this reopo-local branch.)
Once they pass, merge the repo-local branch into the main branch.

For example, see a repo-local branch running the live tests in this PR.

Code standards and tips¶

Adding dependencies¶

We want cloudpathlib to be as lightweight as possible. Our strong preference is to not take any external dependencies for the library outside of the official software development kit (SDK) for the cloud provider. If you want to add a dependency, please open an issue to discuss it first. Library depencies are tracked in pyproject.toml.

Dependencies that are only needed for building documentation, development, linting, formatting, or testing can be added to requirements-dev.txt, and are not subject to the same scrutiny.

Linting and formatting¶

Any code changes need to follow the code standards of the project. We use black for formatting code (as configured in pyproject.toml), and flake8 for linting (as configured in setup.cfg).

To apply these styles to your code, you can run:

make format

To ensure that your code is properly formatted and linted and passes type checking, you can run:

make lint

Type hinting¶

Any public APIs need to have proper type annotations, which are checked by mypy (as configured in pyproject.toml) when you run the make lint command. These need to pass. If you are adding a new public API, you will need to add type annotations to it. If you are changing an existing public API, you will need to update the type annotations to match the new API. If you are adding a private API, you do not need to add type annotations, but you should consider it. Only use # type: ignore or Any if there is not other way.

As mentioned, to ensure your code passes mypy type checking, you can run:

make lint

Interactive testing¶

To interactively test the library, we recommend creating a Jupyter notebook in the root of the project called sandbox.ipynb. We .gitignore a sandbox.ipynb file by default for this purpose. You can import the library and run commands in the notebook to test functionality. This is useful for testing new features or debugging issues.

It's best to start the notebook with cells to autoreload the library:

%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2

Then you can import the library and work with the CloudPath class:

from cloudpathlib import CloudPath

cp = CloudPath("s3://my-test-bucket/")

Credentials and cloud access¶

For certain tests and development scenarios, you will need to have access to the relevant cloud provider. You can put the authentication credentials into a .env file in the root of the project. The .env file is ignored by git, so you can put your credentials there without worrying about them being committed. See the authentication documentation for information on what variables to set.

If you need to test against a cloud provider you do not have access to, you can reach out to the maintainers, who may be willing to grant credentials for testing purposes.

Mocking providers in tests¶

All of the cloud providers have mocked versions of their SDKs that are used for running local tests. These are in tests/mock_clients. If you are adding a feature that makes a call to the underlying client SDK, and it is not already mocked, you will need to mock it.

In general, these mocks actually store files in a temporary directory on the file system and then use those files to behave like the real versions of the library do. This way we can run full test suites without making any network calls.

The mocks are set up in each rig in conftest.py as long as USE_LIVE_CLOUD is not set to "1".

Performance testing¶

Listing files with client._list_dir, CloudPath.glob, CloudPath.rglob, and CloudPath.walk are all performance-sensitive operations for large directories on cloud storage. If you change code related to any of these methods, make sure to run the performance tests. In your PR description, include the results on your machine prior to making your changes and the results with your changes.

These can be run with make perf. This will generate a report like:

                                  Performance suite results: (2023-10-08T13:18:04.774823)                                  
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ Test Name      ┃ Config Name                ┃ Iterations ┃           Mean ┃              Std ┃            Max ┃ N Items ┃
┡━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━┩
│ List Folders   │ List shallow recursive     │         10 │ 0:00:00.862476 │ ± 0:00:00.020222 │ 0:00:00.898143 │   5,500 │
│ List Folders   │ List shallow non-recursive │         10 │ 0:00:00.884997 │ ± 0:00:00.086678 │ 0:00:01.117775 │   5,500 │
│ List Folders   │ List normal recursive      │         10 │ 0:00:01.248844 │ ± 0:00:00.095575 │ 0:00:01.506868 │   7,877 │
│ List Folders   │ List normal non-recursive  │         10 │ 0:00:00.060042 │ ± 0:00:00.003986 │ 0:00:00.064052 │     113 │
│ List Folders   │ List deep recursive        │         10 │ 0:00:02.004731 │ ± 0:00:00.130264 │ 0:00:02.353263 │   7,955 │
│ List Folders   │ List deep non-recursive    │         10 │ 0:00:00.054268 │ ± 0:00:00.003314 │ 0:00:00.062116 │      31 │
│ Glob scenarios │ Glob shallow recursive     │         10 │ 0:00:01.056946 │ ± 0:00:00.160470 │ 0:00:01.447082 │   5,500 │
│ Glob scenarios │ Glob shallow non-recursive │         10 │ 0:00:00.978217 │ ± 0:00:00.091849 │ 0:00:01.230822 │   5,500 │
│ Glob scenarios │ Glob normal recursive      │         10 │ 0:00:01.510334 │ ± 0:00:00.101108 │ 0:00:01.789393 │   7,272 │
│ Glob scenarios │ Glob normal non-recursive  │         10 │ 0:00:00.058301 │ ± 0:00:00.002621 │ 0:00:00.063299 │      12 │
│ Glob scenarios │ Glob deep recursive        │         10 │ 0:00:02.784629 │ ± 0:00:00.099764 │ 0:00:02.981882 │   7,650 │
│ Glob scenarios │ Glob deep non-recursive    │         10 │ 0:00:00.051322 │ ± 0:00:00.002653 │ 0:00:00.054844 │      25 │
│ Walk scenarios │ Walk shallow               │         10 │ 0:00:00.905571 │ ± 0:00:00.076332 │ 0:00:01.113957 │   5,500 │
│ Walk scenarios │ Walk normal                │         10 │ 0:00:01.441215 │ ± 0:00:00.014923 │ 0:00:01.470414 │   7,272 │
│ Walk scenarios │ Walk deep                  │         10 │ 0:00:02.461520 │ ± 0:00:00.031832 │ 0:00:02.539132 │   7,650 │
└────────────────┴────────────────────────────┴────────────┴────────────────┴──────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────┘

To see how it is used in PR, you can see an example here.

Exceptions¶

Different backends may raise different exception classses when something goes wrong. To make it easy for users to catch exceptions that are agnostic of the backend, we generally will catch and raise a specific exception from exceptions.py for any exception that we understand. You can add new exceptions to this file if any are needed for new features.

Code architecture¶

The best guide to the style and architecture is to read the code itself, but we provide some overarching guidance here.

Cloud provider abstraction¶

We want to support as many providers as possible. Therefore, our goal is to keep the surface area of the *Client class small so it is easy to build extensions and new backends.

Generic functionality like setting defaults and caching are implemented in the Client class. This also defines the interface that the *Client backends for each provider needs to implement.

Each provider has its own *Client class that implements the interface defined in Client. The *Client classes are responsible for implementing the interface defined in Client for that specific backend. For an example, you could look at the S3Client.

`CloudPath` abstraction¶

The core cloudpath.py file provides most of the method implementations in a provider-agnostic way. Most feature changes will happen in the CloudPath class, unless there is a provider specific issue. There are a number of ways that functionality gets implemented:

Some methods are implemented from scratch for cloud paths
Some methods are implemented by calling the pathlib.Path version on either (1) the file in the cache if concrete, or (2) a PurePosixPath conversion of the CloudPath if not concrete.
Some methods that are not relevant for a cloud backend are not implemented.

Any code that needs to interact with the provider does so by calling methods on the CloudPath.client, which is an instance of the Client class so all the methods are provider-agnostic.

Some methods are implemented on the *Path class for the specific provider. This is reserved for two cases: (1) provider-specific properties, like S3Path.bucket or AzureBlobPath.container, and (2) methods that are more efficiently implemented in a provider-specific way, like S3Path.stat.

Adding a new provider¶

Adding a new provider is relatively straightforward. If you are extending cloudpathlib, but don't intend to make your provider part of the core library, implement the following pieces.

A `*Client` class that inherits from `Client`¶

from cloudpathlib.client import Client

class MyClient(Client):
    # implementation here...

A `*Path` class that inherits from `CloudPath`¶

from cloudpathlib.cloudpath import CloudPath

class MyPath(CloudPath):
    cloud_prefix: str = "my-prefix://"
    client: "MyClient"

    # implementation here...

This *Path class should also be registered, if you want dispatch from CloudPath to work (see the next section).

If you do intend to make your provider part of the code library, you will also need to do the following steps:

Export the client and path classes in cloudpathlib/__init__.py
Write a mock backend for local backend testing in tests/mock_clients
Add a rig to run tests against the backend in tests/conftest.py
Ensure documentation is updated

Register your provider for dispatch from `CloudPath`¶

Register your provider so CloudPath("my-prefix://my-bucket/my-file.txt") will return a MyPath object:

from cloudpathlib.client import Client, register_client_class
from cloudpathlib.cloudpath import CloudPath, register_path_class

@register_client_class("my-prefix")
class MyClient(Client):
    # implementation here...

@register_path_class("my-prefix")
class MyPath(CloudPath):
    cloud_prefix: str = "my-prefix://"
    client: "MyClient"

    # implementation here...

If you are submitting a PR to add this to the official cloudpathlib library, you will also need to do the following steps:

Export the client and path classes in cloudpathlib/__init__.py
Write a mock backend for local backend testing in tests/mock_clients
Add a rig to run tests against the backend in tests/conftest.py
Ensure documentation is updated

Governance¶

Ultimately, the maintainers of cloudpathlib need to use their discretion when accepting new features. Proposed contributions may not be accepted for a variety of reasons. Some proposed contributions to the library may be judged to introduce too large a maintenance burden. Some proposed contributions may be judged to be out of scope for the project. Still other contributions may be judged to to not fit the API for stylistic reasons or the technical direction of the project.

We appreciate your understanding if your contribution is not accepted. The maintainers will do our best to explain our reasoning, but ultimately we need to make decisions that we feel are in the best interest of the project as a whole. It can be frustrating if you don't agree, but we hope you will understand that we are trying to make the best decisions we can.

cloudpathlib Contribution Guidelines¶